An Historical Sketch of the Brotherhood - Part III

Biographical Sketches

I. Joshua A. Leach, Grand Master 1874-1876

Joshua A. Leach, the founder and first Grand Master of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, now the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen, was born May 8, 1843, in Nenagh, Tipperary County, Ireland, his mother being the daughter of Sir Robert McDonald, a Scottish nobleman. He was brought to New York when but three months old and there grew to young manhood. While still a lad he sold papers, and at eighteen years of age enlisted in the Fifty-sixth New York Volunteers and served throughout the Civil War. While home on a furlough he married his boyhood sweetheart, Miss Sarah A. Tuthill, April 23, 1864.

Following the war he engaged in the mercantile business and was active in local affairs supporting various causes designed to promote better citizenship. On June 3, 1868, he was initiated into Ustavantha Lodge 143, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, in which lodge he held continuous membership until his death.

In 1871 he became a locomotive fireman on the Erie Railroad and was soon familiar with the hardships, dangers and grievances that were then the lot of men in train service. Being called upon frequently to carry news of accident and death to the dependents of his fellow workers, he was struck with the need of a means of providing for those who were left to mourn the loss of their breadwinner. One day in November, 1873, while serving as hostler he was delegated to carry the message of bereavement to the widow of George Page, a young fireman whose life had been snuffed out while in the performance of his duties in that capacity. The idea of protection and charity took such firm hold upon Joshua A. Leach at that time that he had no rest until he had gathered eleven firemen together, who under his direction pledged each other mutual support, and organized themselves into what they termed the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen. Anticipating the formation of other local lodges they designated their newly organized group as Deer Park Lodge No. 1 now Joshua A. Leach Lodge No. 1) and extended their activities to other points. The order grew and when the First Grand Lodge Convention was called to order by Grand Master Leach at Hornellsville, New York, December 15, 1874, there were twelve lodges represented. After serving for three terms Grand Master Leach declined to be a candidate for re-election, but was ever willing to lend aid and give counsel in furthering the wellbeing of the Brotherhood he had founded and in which he maintained an active interest until his death.

Being discharged from railroad service because of his activities in the work of the Brotherhood, he sold his home in Matamoras, Pennsylvania, to which town he had removed, and proceeded to propagate the principles of the order, financing his undertakings personally. He served as fire chief for three years in Nebraska City, Nebraska, and later moved to Atchison, Kansas, where he again entered railroad service. During this time he served as Master of Lodge 31, Atchison, Kansas, and represented that lodge at the Eighth Annual Convention, held in Boston, Massachusetts, in September, 1881.

He took a position as engineer on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad out of St. Joseph, Missouri, to which point he moved with his family, later taking up residence in Albany, Missouri, the terminus of his run. In March, 1883, he moved with his family to Sedalia, Missouri, and was employed on the Missouri Pacific Railroad for sixteen years in the capacity of engineer. For several years following his retirement from active railroad service he held a position on the air brake and other instruction cars of the International Correspondence Schools of Scranton, Pennsylvania, but for some years before his death he was not actively engaged in any vocation.

At the Fourteenth Convention (First Biennial) of the Grand Lodge held in Atlanta, Georgia, in September, 1888, he was issued Grand Lodge Honorary Certificate No. 1, signed by Frank P. Sargent, Grand Master, and Eugene V. Debs, Grand Secretary and Treasurer of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen. At the Fifteenth Convention (Second Biennial) held in San Francisco, California, in 1890, "Pap" and "Mother" Leach were royally entertained and $2,000 was appropriated to build them a home in Sedalia, Missouri. Grand Master Leach never lost interest in his "boys," as he called the men of the organization and was one of the most familiar and conspicuous figures at the various conventions. It was seldom that he failed to attend sessions of the Grand Lodge and his support and counsel were of inestimable value in promoting the ideals of those early days. His beloved wife died at Omaha, Nebraska, when they were enroute to St. Paul, Minnesota, to attend the Twenty-fifth Convention (Twelfth Biennial) which was held in that city.

Too much credit cannot be given to those men of the early days for their matchless courage and their willing sacrifices which were made to the end that industrial justice might be established. They gave of their material resources and of their personal energy that all the men of their craft might enjoy better conditions under which to earn a livelihood for themselves and their dependents.

Our first Grand Master passed peacefully away June 26, 1919, at Denver, Colorado, where he was in attendance at the Twenty-eighth Convention (Third Triennial), and it has been said that a more fitting place for his departure could not have been chosen. He loved the order: he had given it his best service; he had attended its conventions and it was here that he said farewell to the large body of men assembled there who represented the great host all over the North American Continent in whose interests he had labored and for whose welfare he had suffered.

After funeral services in the Auditorium at Denver the remains were returned to Sedalia, Missouri, accompanied by a specially appointed committee of Grand Lodge officers and delegates, and after appropriate services at the home and also at the church, the body of the founder of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen was laid to rest beside the wife of his youth in Crown Hill Cemetery.

II. William R. Worth, Grand Master, 1877

William R. Worth, second Grand Master of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, was born at Odell, Illinois, in 1843. At the time of his election he was a member of Lodge 44, located at that time in Brookfield, Missouri, and was elected Grand Master by the Third Annual Convention, which held its sessions in St. Louis, Missouri, in September, 1876.

In its original intent the Brotherhood was purely an insurance organization. The idea of "protection," however, began to claim attention, and the Second Annual Convention, held in Indianapolis, Indiana, in December, 1875, had taken steps with a view to the establishment of a labor organization. Indeed the first grievance committee had been appointed under the authority of that convention.

It was during the year of Grand Master Worth's incumbency, that the great strike of unorganized workers against the injustices to which they were subjected in their employment, took place. This presented real obstacles for the young organization. Because of this industrial disturbance and a resultant loss of membership the Brotherhood tacitly ignored its protective features and returned to its former status as merely a fraternal insurance organization.

The Third Annual Convention held in St. Louis, Missouri, in September, 1876, extended the jurisdiction of the Brotherhood to include Canada, thus becoming the international organization it has since remained. Submission of a referendum vote on the proposal to establish an "official organ" was also authorized, and the vote being in the affirmative, the first issue of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen's Magazine appeared in December, 1876.

The Fourth Annual Convention, held in Indianapolis, Indiana, September, 1877, was called to order by Vice Grand Master John Brodrick, member of Lodge 2, Hornellsville, New York, who explained that the absence of Grand Master Worth was occasioned by the serious illness of members of his family. The forty-nine delegates at this convention represented sixty lodges, but no records are available showing total membership at that time.

Perhaps the greatest activity of Grand Master Worth's official career was his efforts in combating the secret agents and spies of the railroad companies which were seeking to destroy the young organization. Grand Master Worth was a man of high character, aggressive in his defense of the rights of the men of the Brotherhood, but in this situation he was considerably handicapped by illness which was the result of hardships he endured as a prisoner in Andersonville and Libby prisons during the Civil War.

Grand Master Worth died at Tyler, Texas, November 4, 1887, at the age of forty-four years, his early death being attributed to his sufferings as a war prisoner.

The persecutions to which the men of the "Tried and True" were subjected in those early days demanded men of rugged constitution to shoulder the responsibilities of leadership and his willingness to assume the burdens of this office testified to the earnestness of his desire to be of service to his fellow workers. That he was unable to put forth more effort in establishing the principles of the order is to be regretted, but that we have had honest, patriotic and upright men in positions of leadership thru the years is a cause for rejoicing.

During this period there was another organization representing locomotive firemen, viz., the International Firemen's Union. In addition to the difficulties brought on by the strike above referred to, the Brotherhood during this year realized more than ever that there should not be two organizations representing locomotive firemen. The other organization -the International Firemen's Union- had never levied an assessment except to defray the expenses of strikes, all but a few of which had proved failures. It had no insurance features whatever. It was at this, the Fourth Annual Convention, held in Indianapolis, Indiana, in September, 1877, over which Grand Master Worth should have presided, that steps were taken to overcome these difficulties by the adoption of a resolution inviting the local branches of the International Firemen's Union to become lodges of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen without incurring the expense of charter or initiation fees. This great end was not accomplished until the following year, but a step toward amalgamating the organizations had been made.

III. Frank B. Alley, Grand Master, 1878

Another of those pioneers who watched over the destinies of our Brotherhood in its infancy and helped to shape its course for the succeeding years was Frank B. Alley, our Third Grand Master. Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, December 7, 1846, he enlisted in the Union Army in 1864, and served to the close of the Civil War. In 1873, he became a locomotive fireman. The year following his employment as fireman he was admitted to membership in Lodge 230 then located in Louisville, Kentucky.

At the Fourth Annual Convention, held in Indianapolis in September, 1877, he was elected Grand Master, and served in that capacity until September, 1878. This was a very trying period in the life of the young organization for unorganized groups of strikers almost invariably drew many of those who were organized into their ranks with a consequent loss in membership to the brotherhoods. Grand Master Alley was largely responsible for bringing about the consolidation of the International Firemen's Union and the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, and for the general increase in membership which came immediately thereafter.

In 1882, Brother Alley, transferred from Lodge 23, Louisville. Kentucky, to Lodge 14, Indianapolis, Indiana, and withdrew from the latter August 7, 1888. Grand Master Alley was made a Grand Honorary Member of our Brotherhood at the Fifteenth Convention (Second Biennial), held at San Francisco, in September, 1890.

He had sterling qualities of character and devoted his best efforts to the performance of the duties of the high office to which he was called. After three years' membership he was chosen to the Grand Mastership and during the months of his administration so conducted the affairs of that office that his achievements made an indelible impression upon the succeeding pages of the organization's history.

Grand Master Alley was an upright man, a kind neighbor and a citizen of great value to his community. He was interested in various organizations which had for their purpose the promotion of fraternal fellowship and civic betterment. Having offered himself for the preservation of the Union in the titanic struggle between the States he was thereafter interested in the development and growth of the Grand Army of the Republic, and was a member of the James R. Gordon post of that organization. Many have been the tributes paid to Grand Master Alley’s warm-hearted generosity and kindliness.

Brother Alley was held in high esteem and valued for his intrinsic worth. He was another of those grand pioneers in whom ability was recognized and upon whom fell the task of directing the affairs of our Brotherhood thru some of its most exacting trials.

Grand Master Alley passed peacefully to his eternal reward at his home in Indianapolis, Indiana, February 18, 1925.

IV. William T. Goundie, Grand Master, 1879

Our fourth Grand Master William T. Goundie was born October 20, 1848, at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. He was a member of Lodge 75 at Philadelphia when he was elected Grand Master by the Fifth Annual Convention meeting in Buffalo, New York, in September, 1878. He had already served one year as Vice Grand Master and thus came to the office with a degree of preparation which had not been attained by any of his predecessors. He served in this high office from September, 1878, to September, 1879, but was not a candidate for re-election.

The records show that there were 38 delegates, representing 51 lodges, in attendance at the convention at which he was elected Grand Master. Action was taken at that convention with a view to retrieving some of the membership losses which had been sustained and to this end an organizer was elected, the position being given to Samuel M. Stevens with the title Grand Organizer and Instructor.

Grand Master Goundie was a man of capability and to him much credit is due for keeping the Brotherhood together during this year of depression. Although the finances of the organization were in a depleted condition, the members not having yet learned that prompt payment of assessments was essential to the welfare and maintenance of an institution of this character, the records show that there were 54 delegates representing 65 lodges attending the next convention, which was the Sixth Annual Convention, held in Chicago, Illinois, in September, 1879. This increase was the result of judicious handling of the Brotherhood's affairs, the activities of the Grand Organizer and Instructor and the fact that there was now only the one organization representing firemen.

During this period the young Brotherhood was still an object of persecution at the hands of the railroad officials with a resultant loss of many members in various parts of the country. To meet this situation the Sixth Annual Convention adopted a motion to the effect that the organization would henceforth "ignore" strikes and settle grievances by arbitration, thus abandoning the protective feature of the organization temporarily.

After retiring from official connection with the Brotherhood, Grand Master Goundie resumed employment as a locomotive engineer on the Manhattan Elevated Railroad. His ability and worth were soon recognized there for he was promoted successively to the positions of Road Foreman of Engines and Train Master, and was eventually made Superintendent of all of the elevated lines of New York City. The General Managership of the Brooklyn Elevated Railroad came to him in 1888 (which, incidentally was the year in which Grand Master Alley withdrew from the organization). In this position he remained seventeen years, retiring to private life in 1905.

Brother Goundie retained a sympathetic interest in the Brotherhood, his official connection with the railroad notwithstanding. He surely believed in its principles and the delegates attending the Eighth Annual Convention in Boston, in 1881, had occasion to appreciate his interest when they received the following telegram from him:

"Work with a will-the cause is just and success is certain."

After his retirement Grand Master Goundie lived at his home in Brooklyn, New York, having several years in which to reminisce on the happenings of a long and useful life of 71 years and 8 days. It was there that the light of day faded from his eyes, October 28, 1919.

V. Frank W. Arnold, Grand Master, 1880-1885

Frank W. Arnold was born in Columbus, Ohio, October 5, 1851, and was educated in the public schools of that city.

His railroad career began in 1867 when at the age of sixteen he entered the service of the Pennsylvania Railroad as a brakeman on local freight between Columbus and Dennison, Ohio. After a few months in this work he resigned but again entered railroad service as brakeman on the same system between Columbus and Bradford Junction, Ohio. He was later promoted to passenger brakeman and after four years he began work as a locomotive fireman for the same company and continued on the same division until 1877, his total time in train service amounting to approximately eight years.

While a fireman he carried in his seat-box such law books as Blackstone, and Kent and Walker, studying them in such spare moments as he could find, with a view to entering the legal profession. He joined Franklin Lodge 9 of our Brotherhood in 1877. This lodge has since been consolidated with Abraham Lincoln Lodge 445 and is now known as Abraham Lincoln Lodge 9. In 1879 Brother Arnold passed the qualifying examination before the Supreme Court of Ohio and was duly admitted to the bar.

In the same year in which he was admitted to the bar he was also elected Grand Master of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen by the Sixth Annual Convention held in Chicago, Illinois, in September, 1879. This position, which was at that time honorary, he held for the next six years, being the fifth man to be so honored. Most of his work, as well as all that of his predecessors, may be said to have been a "labor of love" for there was no salary attached to the office inasmuch as the executive authority was exercised by the Grand Secretary and Treasurer and the only remuneration received by the Grand Master was the two or three hundred dollars donated to pay his expenses while attending conventions.

A few weeks before the Seventh Annual Convention Grand Secretary and Treasurer Sayre gave up serving in that capacity and Grand Master Arnold appointed Brother Eugene V. Debs to fill the unexpired term. The Seventh Annual Convention, held in Chicago, Illinois, in September, 1880, unanimously continued Brother Debs in office and took action with a view to raising revenue. From this time there was an increase in membership and the Brotherhood began to gain a sound financial footing.

Just previous to the Eleventh Annual Convention which met in Toronto, Ontario, September 28, 1884, the Grand Secretary and Treasurer called upon Grand Master Arnold for assistance in conducting the business of the organization and thereafter he was placed on a salary and assigned to regular duties.

The Sixth Annual Convention, held in Chicago, September, 1879, at which Grand Master Arnold was elected, took action to ignore strikes and settle differences with employers by arbitration. This seemed to be necessary on account of the continued persecution by railroad officials and the consequent loss of membership. Therefore, much of the work of this administration consisted in carrying on the routine affairs of the organization, no change in policy with respect to the protective feature being enacted until the Twelfth Annual Convention, held in Philadelphia, 1885, the last over which Grand Master Arnold presided. It was then decided that the time had come when the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen should again become a labor organization with all that such decision should mean.

The duty of carrying out this policy, however, devolved upon Brother Arnold's successor in office.

At the Sixth Annual Convention when Grand Master Arnold was elected there were 54 delegates in attendance representing 65 lodges. The records showing total membership at that time are not available. At the Twelfth Annual Convention. the last over which he presided, there were 206 delegates in attendance representing 285 lodges with a membership of 14,694.

Grand Master Arnold was honored again by being elected Grand Secretary and Treasurer by the Sixteenth Convention (Third Biennial), held in Cincinnati, Ohio, in September, 1892. This was a convincing testimony of the esteem in which he was held. That he served in this capacity continuously until January, 1904, when he resigned to engage in a mercantile business, demonstrated his ability and faithfulness in the performance of his duty in that capacity. That he possessed versatile talents is abundantly attested by the varied activities in which he engaged. His career embraced eight years in railroad service as brakeman and fireman; admission to the bar as a qualified attorney; six years as Grand Master of the Brotherhood; approximately twelve years as Grand Secretary and Treasurer; mercantile experience and service as Examiner with the Interstate Commerce Commission. Brother Arnold was in the Federal service at the time of his death which occurred in occurred in the city of Chicago, Illinois, January 9, 1917.

VI. Frank P. Sargent, Grand Master, 1886-1902

The sixth Grand Master of our Brotherhood, Brother Frank P. Sargent, was born in East Orange, Vermont, November 18, 1854. He grew up in typical New England surroundings, attending school in his native village mostly during the winter months and working on a farm under the direction of his grandfather, Jacob Sargent, while not thus engaged. He knew what mill life was like, having worked a few years in the Kinney mills, near Montpelier, and later passed a year of study at the old academy in Northfield.

He went to New Hampshire at the age of seventeen and became a messenger in the Manchester mills. In order to improve his health which was beginning to fail, he went to Arizona in 1878, later joining the United States Cavalry. While engaged in this service he assisted in quelling Indian revolts which were so numerous during that period. After helping to conquer the warlike Apaches under their leader, Geronimo, he was honorably discharged from the service and soon after secured employment with the Southern Pacific Railroad Company at Tucson, Arizona, as an engine wiper. Promotion to the position of locomotive fireman came to him after three months and within one year he was admitted to membership in the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen. The lodge room in which he was initiated was a coal bin, a fact which of itself speaks eloquently of the struggles thru which our Brotherhood passed in its early history.

Being initiated in Cactus Lodge 94, in Tucson, Arizona, October 20, 1881, he represented his lodge at the Ninth Annual Convention, held in Terre Haute, Indiana, September, 1882, and again at the Tenth Annual Convention, held in Denver, Colorado, September, 1883, at which convention he was elected Vice Grand Master. Thus in less than two years from the date of his initiation he was elected to a high position in the organization. The Twelfth Annual Convention was held in Philadelphia in 1885 and there Brother Sargent was elected to the highest position in the Brotherhood. From that time until his appointment by President Roosevelt as Commissioner General of Immigration in 1902, he was an aggressive leader of our Brotherhood thru many important movements.

At the time of the assumption of the duties of Grand Master by Frank P. Sargent in 1886, the membership numbered 14,694 and when his resignation was presented to the Twenty-first Convention (Eighth Biennial) held in Chattanooga, Tennessee, in 1902, the number had increased to 43,376. Previous to Brother Sargent's first election to the Grand Mastership, the Grand Secretary and Treasurer had exercised nearly all the executive authority of the Brotherhood, but the Thirteenth Annual Convention, held in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1886, made the Grand Master the chief executive officer in all respects. This convention, the first over which Grand Master Sargent presided, has been termed the first great "Labor" convention of our organization. Details of adjustment of grievances and advances in wages constituted interesting features of his report. During the two years intervening between this and the next, which was to be the first biennial convention, hundreds of contracts and agreements were signed with railroads, classification of enginemen terminated and many wage increases.

While Grand Master Sargent was aggressive in advancing the cause of the men he represented, his course in dealing with railroad management was ever characterized by moderation and successful diplomacy. Believing that contracts with individual railroad companies should be carried out to the letter, he refused to countenance a sympathetic strike during the trouble on the Chicago Burlington and Quincy Railroad in 1888 and 1889. His strength of character and sound judgment in maintaining this position was endorsed by the following convention, that of 1890, held at San Francisco, California. This position, taken and maintained by Grand Master Sargent at that time, proved to be a most effective factor in establishing the Brotherhood in the confidence of railroad officials and in contributing to the unusual growth of the organization which immediately followed. Thereafter, railroads had no fear that agreements negotiated with our Brotherhood would not be carried out. It was during his incumbency as Grand Master, and at the Fourteenth Convention (First Biennial), held in Atlanta, Georgia, in September, 1888, that laws governing our Protective Department were first enacted.

From his first position as financier in the local lodge thru all his subsequent promotions Brother Sargent's career was marked by care and accuracy as to detail and executive ability of a high order. These traits were recognized by two Presidents of the United States, President McKinley tendering him an appointment as member of an Industrial Commission in 1898, and again in 1900 offering him the position as Director of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, both of which he declined because of his unwillingness to leave the Brotherhood. On April 4, 1902, however, President Roosevelt appointed him Commissioner General of Immigration, which position he accepted and filled with credit and honor to himself and benefit to that department of the government service.

He was a man of strong individuality and of high ideals and his sympathetic nature and kindness were continually displayed in his exemplary life. His entire life was characterized by honesty, sincerity, manliness and integrity. The fact that he was initiated into our Brotherhood at a time when the local gathering was compelled to use a coal bin for a meeting room testifies to his anxiety to unite with his fellows in an effort to establish better conditions for those who toil. At the other end of his official career, when he was Commissioner-General of Immigration, he took a personal interest in the group of some eleven youths who had come from Cuba bound for the Academy at Point Loma, California, to prepare for their college training. Owing to the existing immigration regulations they had considerable difficulty in entering and even after they had arrived in California it was thought that they would be compelled to return to Cuba. Brother Sargent took a personal interest in this matter with the result that an investigation which he instituted resulted in their remaining. These two instances of themselves constitute an index to his character. In his early life he joined with his fellowman in their struggle for better conditions, and later when in a position of authority, he exercised his influence to assist those who were less fortunate.

He never shirked or slighted a task but gave of his best to every cause with which be became identified. It was a great step from life as a farm boy of Vermont to the position of Commissioner-General of Immigration of the United States but thru all the various promotions that came to him he carried his responsibilities with dignity and was conscientious in the performance of every task that was assigned him. His rnagnanimity was evidenced by the fact that he would not only disdain to take advantage of his enemies, but was known to render substantial service to men who had been extremely antagonistic to him and therefore could not reasonably expect consideration at his hands.

Brother Sargent passed to his eternal reward September 4, 1908.

VII. John J. Hannahan, Grand Master, 1902-1908

John J. Hannahan, seventh Grand Master of our Brotherhood, was born in Madison, Indiana, May 7, 1856, and after a long and useful life passed away at his home in St. Paul, Minnesota, September 4, 1925.

His first work in railroad service was as a water boy for a construction gang on the old Jeffersonville, Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, which employment he entered in 1871 at the age of fifteen years. He became a locomotive fireman on the same road in the early 70's but a few years later - in 1876 - he entered the service at Chicago of what is now the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad. He remained in the employ of that road until he was elected to office in the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen. He was a member of Lodge 50 from January 3, 1881, until he transferred to the newly organized Lodge 880 at St. Paul, February 8, 1920.

Brother Hannahan was elected Vice Grand Master and Grand Organizer and Instructor by the Twelfth Annual Convention which was held at Philadelphia in September, 1885, the two positions being consolidated. Brother Hannahan served in this capacity continuing until the resignation of Grand Master Sargent on July 1, 1902, when he became Acting Grand Master. While serving as Vice Grand Master and Grand Organizer and Instructor, Brother Hannahan gave of himself unsparingly to the upbuilding of the organization. It was largely due to his efforts that the membership grew in numbers during the trying times of those early days. He deserves much credit for the fact that the membership roll increased from 14,694 in 1885 when he assumed the responsibilities of those combined offices, to 43,000 in 1902, when he was called to the higher office of Grand Master. He was elected by the Twenty-first Convention (Eighth Biennial), which was held at Chattanooga, Tennessee, in 1902, and served as Grand Master until December 31, 1908.

Brother Hannahan was thoroughly convinced that the organization should be protective in its nature and during his incumbency this policy of the Brotherhood became more and more firmly established. Many of the most progressive movements of the organization's history were initiated and carried to completion under his direction. Not only did he believe that firemen should have increased wages but he was also firm in his contention that working conditions should be improved by relieving firemen of the cleaning of engines and other onerous duties which had been imposed upon them from the beginning of steam railroading.

The first concerted wage movement in which our Brotherhood engaged was conducted by Grand Master Hannahan and resulted in a memorandum of agreement between representatives of the Brotherhood and representatives of 31 important western railroads being signed on April 8, 1907. That agreement, in addition to the granting of wage increases, also provided that firemen should be relieved of the cleaning of engines. It was only a matter of time until similar agreements in other parts of the country brought the same relief, with respect to the cleaning of engines, to other thousands of firemen.

Not only was this man of action diligent and successful in the negotiation of agreements with railroad companies but he interested himself in securing the enactment of laws designed for the protection of the men in engine service and indirectly beneficial to the traveling public. The Hours of Service Law which has been an inestimable blessing to train service employes was passed while he was Grand Master. That this law has benefited the general public goes without saving, and every man familiar with the hardships imposed by excessively long hours of service is thankful for the relief it has afforded.

During his administration of the affairs of our Brotherhood there were many important changes made in the basic laws of the organization. Chief among these changes may be noted the following: provision that each lodge should be represented in the convention and that payment of such representative should be from the General Fund of the Brotherhood; election of a Grand Medical Examiner which office had previously been appointive: and a change in the name of the Brotherhood, by adding the words "and Enginemen" to the official title. This change was made by the Twenty-third Convention (Tenth Biennial), held in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in September, 1906.

Other changes in the laws consisted in the following: the titles of the general officers were changed from Grand Master, Vice Grand Master, et cetera, to International President, Vice President, et cetera. The Grand Secretary and Treasurer's title was changed to General Secretary and Treasurer, and the Board of Grand Trustees, consisting of three members including officers, and the Grand Executive Board with its five members including officers, were combined into a Board of seven members including officers which is our present Board of Directors. Titles of subordinate lodge officers were made to conform to the changes in the titles of Grand Lodge officers: thus Master was changed to President, Vice Master to Vice President, et cetera. The Benevolent Fund was established while Brother Hannahan was chief executive of the organization and the laws were amended changing the plan of payment of assessments from the quarterly to the monthly basis. The laws establishing Federated Boards, now known as Associations of General Grievance Committees, were enacted and the jurisdiction of the Brotherhood was divided into districts over each of which one of these groups of committees was to have control. Out of this arrangement has grown our present Associations of General Grievance Committees.

At the Twenty-first Convention (Eighth Biennial), held in Chattanooga, Tennessee, in September, 1902, at which Brother Hannahan was elected Grand Master there were 521 delegates representing 615 lodges with a membership of 43,376. At the last convention over which he presided, the Twenty-fourth (Eleventh Biennial), held at Columbus, in September, 1908, there were present 686 delegates representing 760 lodges with a membership of 66,408.

After retiring from his position as Chief Executive of the Brotherhood, Grand Master Hannahan entered the service of the Locomotive Stoker Company with headquarters in Chicago, Illinois, being assistant to the president of said company when he died.

His democratic tendencies and sympathies, together with his frank, outspoken manner won for him well-merited popularity. His qualities of good-fellowship made him friends wherever he went. He was always square in his dealings with his fellow-men and true as steel in his loyalty to the Brotherhood interests and in his fidelity to its principles.

VIII. William Samuel Carter, President, 1909-1922

William Samuel Carter, former Editor and Manager of our Magazine, former Grand Secretary and Treasurer, became the eighth executive head of our Brotherhood, assuming the office of International President January 1, 1909, on the same date on which the change in title of said office became effective.

Brother Carter, whose leadership contributed so effectively to the progress of our organization, was born at Austin, Texas, August 11, 1859. He spent the early years of his life in that great state, meeting with fortitude every problem that confronted him and acquiring that physical constitution and strength of character that contributed so materially to his success in fighting the battles of our Brotherhood.

He became part owner of a ranch in his early days and when it was sold he accepted a position as superintendent of the property. This was in 1879. In the same year he gave up that position after a short occupancy of it and went firing on a wood-burning engine on the Central Montgomery Railway (now Beaumont Division of the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway). He continued to work in that capacity from February, 1879, until November, 1880. He then left railroad service until 1883, when he took a job as baggageman on the International and Great Northern Railway. In 1885 he started a four-year period as fireman on the same road. During 1890 he became an engineer in switching and suburban service on the Denver and Berkley Park Railroad, leaving this position in May, 1891, to go hostling and running a road engine on the Monterey and Mexican Gulf Railroad (of Mexico) where he remained until May, 1892, when he became a fireman on the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway, which service he left to assume the duties of Editor and Manager of our Magazine, to which office he was elected by the Seventeenth Convention (Fourth Biennial), held in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in 1894, for the performance of which work he was well qualified.

Brother Carter's early education and training had been obtained in the village school at Pond Springs-Jollyville in the southwestern part of Williamson County, Texas. Later, he was a student for two years at the Mechanical and Agricultural College of the State of Texas, and he ever retained a thirst for knowledge that made of him a life-long student. Many who have been denied the opportunity of an adequate education thru school or college attendance have overcome this handicap by diligent application to study and thus equipped themselves for the performance of duties that involved great responsibilities. Brother Carter was such a man. Although blessed with the privileges of school attendance to some extent yet most of his education was obtained by self-help and zealous and persistent effort. As a range rider he was never without books, often having a bag full of them hanging from his saddle horn.

After nearly ten years of valuable service as Editor and Manager of our Magazine Brother Carter was elected Grand Secretary and Treasurer by the Grand Executive Board (now the Board of Directors) to succeed Brother Frank W. Arnold who had resigned, and he assumed the duties of that position January 1, 1904. Under his direction of that office and as a result of constitutional amendments proposed by him and adopted by the Twenty-second Convention (Ninth Biennial) held in Buffalo, New York in September, 1904, the foundation of our prosperous and sound financial condition was laid.

The titles of the Grand Lodge officers were changed by the Twenty-fourth Convention (Eleventh Biennial), held in Columbus, Ohio, in September, 1908. Brother Carter was elected by this convention to succeed Brother Hannahan, thus becoming the first chief executive of the organization to bear the title of International President. In that capacity he led the Brotherhood thru some of its most trying experiences and progressive advances. As directed by the Columbus Convention, the Protective Department was divided into so-called "Federated Districts" and during 1909 the Western, Eastern and Southern Federated Boards were organized. Concerted wage movements participated in by the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and our own Brotherhood were begun and terminated as follows: Western Arbitration, 1910; Eastern Arbitration, 1912-13; Western Arbitration, 1914-15. As a result of these arbitrations the "weight on drivers basis" for fixing engineers' and firemen's rates, introduced by Brother Carter, was adopted and wage rates of such employees have been practically standardized thruout the United States and Canada.

Brother Carter, like his predecessors, being deeply interested in the working conditions as well as the wage rates of the men he represented, strove for the enactment of legislation that would promote their safety and general well-being in their work. During his administration many important laws designed for the protection of enginemen were enacted in both the United States and Canada. Outstanding among them may be mentioned the Boiler Inspection Act; the Locomotive Inspection Act; and the Headlight Rule.

Brother Carter devoted himself earnestly to the settling of differences which at that time characterized the relations with each other of the two enginemen's organizations. To his foresight and wisdom, therefore, much credit is due for bringing about the adoption of the Chicago Joint Working Agreement which was ratified by our Twenty-sixth Convention (First Triennial), held in Washington, D. C., in June, 1913. Brother Carter's skill and resourcefulness in directing the movement for the eight-hour day commanded the admiration of opponents as well as of friends. No one identified with that great movement gave of himself more unstintedly than did Brother Carter.

When filling the position of Director of the Division of Labor in the United States Railroad Administration, to which he was appointed by Director-General McAdoo soon after the railroads were taken over by the government he saw to it that the interests of all classes of labor were safe-guarded. During the period of federal control of the railroads, two wage increases were secured for engineers, firemen and hostlers to say nothing of those granted other classes of employes. Following his service as Director of the Division of Labor, Brother Carter resumed his duties as International President of our Brotherhood on March 15, 1920, thus terminating a leave of absence that had been granted him by our Board of Directors to cover the time he spent in government service beginning February 18, 1918.

Many important events took place during the remainder of his incumbency of the position of International President. The Twenty-eighth Convention (Third Triennial) held in Denver, Colorado, June-July, 1919, had inaugurated a wage movement and that culminated in the issuance of Decision No. 2 of the United States Railroad Labor Board; the 1920 illegal strike of the switchmen in which many of our members participated resulted in the reclamation of the charters of 60 subordinate lodges and the expulsion of thousands of members; but it was only a short time until the lodges were re-established and most of the members reinstated. Wage reductions brought on strikes on the A. B. and A. and the M. and N. A. Railroads which in turn brought forth Decision No. 147 of the United States Railroad Labor Board followed by the threatened strike of 1921. The proposed wage reduction of 1922 was forestalled owing to the determined opposition presented to it.

Brother Carter continued to perform the duties of his office until the Twenty-ninth Convention (Fourth Triennial), held in Houston, Texas, May and June, 1922. At that convention he announced that he desired to be relieved of the heavy duties of the office of International President and therefore would not be a candidate for re-election. The Research Department was created by that convention and Brother Carter was elected Manager of it. His plans for the carrying on of the work of this new department were comprehensive and thorough. He contemplated the writing of a complete history of the Brotherhood and his excellent store of information gathered from intimate contact with the organization's work over a long period of his life gave him superb preparation for that task.

His was a brilliant career. His genuine manliness and straightforward dealing won for him a host of friends. He understood the problems with which the labor movement was faced and was resourceful in meeting them. The whole strength of his being was given in the attempt to establish industrial justice. He believed in going on to the next task as soon as one was finished. He saw the work in its never-ending succession and was not content to rest upon laurels already won. "Something attempted, something done," won for him the right to begin something else.

During his term as International President our Brotherhood made great progress in its internal affairs and in its external relations.

The whole labor world was saddened when he passed away March 15, 1923, for it was realized that workers everywhere had in him a staunch champion of their cause.

CONVENTIONS OF THE B. OF L. F. AND E.

Our Grand Lodge Officers

Since its organization and up to the present time the Grand Officers of the Brotherhood have been as follows:

Grand Master

Joshua A. Leach, Lodge 1, Port Jervis, N. Y., 1874-1876.
William R. Worth. Lodge 44, Brookfield, Mo., 1877.
Frank B. Alley, Lodge 23, Louisville, Ky., 1878.
William T. Goundie, Lodge 38, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1879.
Frank W. Arnold, Lodge 9, Columbus, O., 1880-1885.
Frank P. Sargent, Lodge 94, Tucson, Ariz., 1886-1902.*
John J. Hannahan, Lodge 50, Chicago, Ill., 1902-1908+.

First Vice Grand Master

H. W. Plummer, Lodge 2, Hornellsville, N. Y., 1875.
H. H. Clapp, Lodge 20, Galesburg, Ill., 1876.
John Brodrick, Lodge 2, Hornellsville, N. Y., 1877-1878.
J .M. Dodge, Lodge 47, Chicago, Ill., 1879.
J. E. Briggs, Lodge 30, Waterloo, Iowa, 1880.
Charles Pope, Lodge 67, Toronto, Ont., 1881.
William E. Burns, Lodge 47, Chicago, Ill. 1882-1883.
Frank P. Sargent, Lodge 94, Tucson, Ariz., 1884-1885.
John J. Hannahan, Lodge, 50, Chicago, Ill., 1886-1902.,
Charles A. Wilson Lodge 11, Phillipsburg, N. J., 1903-1908.

Second Vice Grand Master

Charles A. Wilson, Lodge 13, Jersey City, N. J., 1895-1902.
Timothy Shea, Lodge 13, Jersey City, N. J., 1903-1908.

Third Vice Grand Master

Charles W. Maier, Lodge 24, Parsons, Kan., 1895-1906.+++
Eugene A. Ball, Lodge 38, Stratford, Ont., 1907-1908.+++

Fourth Vice Grand Master

Eugene A. Ball. Lodge 38, Stratford, Ont., 1903-1906.
Andrew P. Kelly, Lodge 284, New Haven, Conn., 1907-1908.++++
Asa Dillon, Lodge 31, Atchison, Kan., 1907-1908.+++++

President (a)

William S. Carter, Lodge 263, San Antonio, Tex., 1909-1922.
D. B. Robertson, Lodge 199, Youngstown, Ohio, 1922-1937.

Assistant President

Chas. A. Wilson, Lodge 11, Phillipsburgh, N. J., 1909-1910.
Timothy Shea, Lodge 13, Jersey City, N. J.. 1910-1937.

First Vice President

Timothy Shea, Lodge 13, Jersey City, N. J., 1909-1910.
Eugene A. Ball, Lodge 38, Stratford, Ont., 1910-1913.

Second Vice President

Eugene A. Ball, Lodge 38, Stratford, Ont., 1909-1910.
Andrew P. Kelly, Lodge 284, New Haven, Conn., 1910
Asa Dillon, Lodge 31, Atchison, Kan., 1910-1913.

Third Vice President

Andrew P. Kelly Lodge 284, New Haven, Conn., 1909-1910.
Asa Dillon, Lodge 31, Atchison, Kan.. 1910.
Albert Phillips, Lodge 58, Blue Canyon, Cal., 1910-1913.

Fourth Vice President

Asa Dillon Lodge 31, Atchison, Kan., 1909-1910.
Albert Phillips, Lodge 58, Blue Canyon, Cal., 1910.
C. V. McLaughlin, Lodge 86, Laramie, Wyo., 1910-1913.

Fifth Vice President

Albert Phillips, Lodge 58, Blue Canyon, Cal., 1909-1910.
C. V. McLaughlin, Lodge 86, Laramie, Wyo., 1910.
P. J. McNamara, Lodge 12, Buffalo, N. Y., 1910-1913.

Vice Presidents (b)

Albert Phillips, Lodge 58, Roseville, Cal., 1914-1931.
C. V. McLaughlin, Lodge 86, Laramie, Wyo., 1914-1937.
P. J. McNamara, Lodge 12, Buffalo, N. Y., 1914-1922.
Geo. K. Wark, Lodge 262, Toronto, Ont., 1914-1922.
D. B. Robertson, Lodge 199, Youngstown, Ohio, 1914-1922.
Arthur J. Lovell, Lodge 52, Logansport, Ind., 1914-1922.
S. A. Boone, Lodge 25, Boone, Ia., 1917-1937.
C. J. Goff, Lodge 426, Birmingham, Ala., 1920-1937.
O. D. Hopkins Lodge 334, East Syracuse, N. Y., 1920-1931.
H. H. Lynch, Lodge 464, Brandon, Man., 1922-1937.
F. W. Lewis, Lodge 529, Heavener, Okla., 1922-1937.
Jonas A. McBride, Lodge 666, New York, N. Y., 1922-1937.
Orla W. Karn, Lodge 94, Tucson, Ariz., 1922-1923.
Fred Barr, Lodge 145, San Antonio, Texas, 1923-1937.
J. P. Farrell, Lodge 285, East Hartford, Conn., 1932-1937.
H. M. Van Sant, Lodge 854, Delano, Pa., 1932-1937.

National Legislative Representative – United Sates

Arthur J. Lovell, Lodge 52, Logansport. Ind., 1922-1925.

National Legislative Representative – Canada

William L. Best, Lodge 172, Ottawa, Ont., 1916-1925.

Vice President - National Legislative Representative – United States (c)

Arthur J. Lovell, Lodge 52, Logansport, Ind., 1926-1937.

Vice President and Canadian Legislative Representative

William L. Best, Lodge 172, Ottawa, Ont., 1926-1937

Grand Secretary and Treasurer

Wm. N. Sayre, Lodge 5, Galion, Ohio, 1875-1880
Eugene V. Debs, Lodge 16, Terre Haute, Ind., 1881-1892.
Frank W. Arnold, Lodge 9, Columbus, Ohio, 1893-1903.**
William S. Carter, Lodge 263, San Antonio, Tex., 1904-1908.++

General Secretary and Treasurer (e)

Albert H. Hawley, Lodge 149, New York, N. Y., 1909-1931.
Albert Phillips, Lodge 58, Rosedale, Calif., 1932-1937.

Grand Organizer and Instructor

Samuel M. Stevens, Lodge 57, Boston, Mass., 1879-1885.

Editor, and Editor and Manager, Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen's Magazine

I. J. Bennett (not a member of the order), Dayton, Ohio, 1877-1878.
Wm. N. Sayre, Lodge 5, Galion, Ohio, 1879-1880.
Eugene V. Debs, Lodge 16, Terre Haute, Ind., 1881-1894.
William S. Carter, Lodge 263, San Antonio, Texas, 1895-1903.
John F. McNamee, Lodge 445, Columbus, Ohio, 1904-1937.***

General Counsel

Thomas W. Harper (not a member of the order), Terre Haute, Ind., 1898.
J. H. Murphy, Lodge 77, Denver, Colo., 1899-1906.
H. L. Dickson, Lodge 314, San Bernardino, Cal., 1907-1913.

Grand Medical Examiner

W. B. Watts, Lodge 240, Jackson, Mich., 1901-1906.
W. B. Cory, Lodge 275, Chicago, Ill., 1907-1908.

General Medical Examiner (f)

W. B. Cory, Lodge 275, Chicago, Ill., 1909-1921.
W. B. Watts, Lodge 240, Jackson, Mich., 1921-1928.

(a)  Title of Grand Master was changed to President. and that of Vice Grand Masters to Vice Presidents, Eleventh Biennial Convention, September-October, 1908.

(b) The plan of numbering Vice Presidents was discontinued by the Twenty-sixth Convention. June-July, 1913, since which time Vice Presidents are referred to without reference to seniority.

( c) The title of National Legislative Representative — United States --- was changed at the Thirtieth Convention, June 1925, to include that of Vice President.

(d) The title of National Legislative Representative (Canada) was changed at the Thirtieth Convention, June 1925, to include that of Vice President.

(e) Title changed from Grand Secretary and Treasurer to that of General Secretary and Treasurer, Eleventh Biennial Convention, September, 1908.

(f) Title changed from Grand Medical Examiner to that of General Medical Examiner, Eleventh Biennial Convention, September, 1908.

Note -- Brother Charles A. Wilson was a member of Lodge 13 at the time he was elected to the position of Second Vice Grand Master. Brother Timothy Shea was also a member of that lodge when he was elected to the second Vice Grand Mastership but at the time of his (Brother Shea’s) election to said position, Brother Wilson was not a member of said lodge, as he had transferred his membership to Lodge 11 early in 1902. Brother Shea having been elected Second Vice Grand Master at the Eighth Biennial Convention held in Chattanooga during the month of September in that year.

*Brother Frank P. Sargent assumed the duties of Commissioner General of Immigration about the middle of the year 1902, to which Position he was appointed by President Roosevelt. For the remainder of his unexpired term the duties of Grand Master were performed by Brother John J Hannahan (First Vice Grand Master), who served during such period in the capacity of Acting Grand Master.

+Grand Master Hannahan assumed the duties of Acting Grand Master in addition to his duties as First Vice Grand Master about the middle of the year 1902. (See note above.)

**At the close of the year 1903 Brother Frank W. Arnold resigned the Position of Grand Secretary and Treasurer, and at a special meeting of the Grand Executive Board, called to fill the vacancy thus created. Brother William S. Carter (at that time Editor and Manager of the Locomotive Firemen's Magazine) was chosen as the Grand Secretary Find Treasurer for Brother Arnold's unexpired term.

++Brother Wm. S. Carter resigned the position of Editor and Manager of the Locomotive Firemen's

++Magazine to assume the duties of Grand Secretary and Treasurer at the close of the year 1903, having been elected at a special session of the Grand Executive Board to fill Brother Frank W. Arnold's unexpired term.

***At the special session of the Grand Executive Board held at the close of the year 1903 for the purpose of electing a Grand Secretary and Treasurer to fill the unexpired term of Brother Frank W. Arnold, Brother George Goding of Lodge 499 of Chicago, Ill., was elected to fill the unexpired term of Brother Wm. S. Carter as Editor and Manager of the Locomotive Firemen's Magazine. Brother Carter having been chosen to fill the unexpired term of Brother Frank W. Arnold as Grand Secretary and Treasurer. Before entering upon the discharge of his duties as Editor and Manager, however, Brother Goding tendered his resignation, and at the second session of the Grand Executive Board, called to act on same and to fill the vacancy created thereby, Brother John F. McNamee of Lodge 445, Columbus, Ohio, was elected to fill the unexpired term. During the Year 1914, Lodges 9 and 445 were consolidated under the name and number of Abraham Lincoln Lodge 9. Brother McNamee is, therefore, now a member of Lodge 9.

+++Brother Charles W. Maier resigned the position of Third Vice Grand Master the latter part of 1906 to engage in business and at a special meeting of the Grand Executive Board, called to fill the vacancy thus created. Brother Eugene A. Ball, Fourth Vice Grand Master, was advanced to the position of Third Vice Grand Master: Brother Andrew P. Kelly, Fifth Vice Grand Master, was advanced to the Position of Fourth Vice Grand Master, and Brother Asa Dillon was elected Fifth Vice Grand Master.

Note -- Brother Charles A. Wilson was elected at the St. Paul (Twelfth Biennial) Convention to succeed himself as Assistant President and his new term would have begun January 1, 1911, but he died on October 24, 1910. Brother Timothy Shea, First Vice President, was advanced to the vacancy in the office of Assistant President occasioned by Brother Wilson's death, and the Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Vice Presidents were advanced to the offices of First, Second, Third and Fourth Vice Presidents respectively. The vacancy thus created in the office of Fifth Vice President was filled by the appointment to that position of Brother C. V. McLaughlin, of Lodge 86, a member of the Board of Directors. Soon after this Brother A. P. Kelly, Second Vice President, resigned, and Brothers Asa Dillon, Third Vice President; Albert Phillips, Fourth Vice President, and C. V. McLaughlin, Fifth Vice President, respectively, were advanced to the Second, Third and Fourth Vice Presidencies, and the vacancy again created in the office of Fifth Vice President was filled by the appointment to that Position of Brother P. J. McNamara, of Lodge 12, at that time Chairman of the Board of Directors.

Brother Albert Phillips was appointed a member of the United States Railroad Labor Board by President Wilson, April 13, 1920. He tendered his resignation to President Harding, same to become effective April 15, 1922, but it was not accepted and he continued to serve on this Board for the remainder of the three-year period for which appointed, his term expiring May 15, 1923.

Owing to illness of Brother A. H. Hawley, General Secretary and Treasurer, Brother Albert Phillips, Vice President, was on April 8, 1931, appointed by the Board of Directors as Assistant General Secretary and Treasurer and was granted leave of absence as Vice President by President Robertson and the Board of Directors that he might assume his new duties. Brother Hawley died suddenly May 28, 1931, just eleven days prior to the opening of the Thirty-second Convention. Brother Phillips was elected at this convention to succeed Brother Hawley as General Secretary and Treasurer.

Brother W. B. Cory died September 23, 1921. By unanimous vote of the Board of Directors, Brother W. B. Watts as appointed to succeed Brother Cory as General Medical Examiner, effective as of October 1, 1921.

Brother P. J. McNamara died March 19, 1922.

Brother George K. Wark died April 24, 1922.

Brother William S. Carter died March 15, 1923.

Brother Orla W. Karn died June 13, 1923.

Brother W. B. Watts died May 15, 1928.

The Brotherhood

The following statistical information compiled from reports of the General Secretary and Treasurer relative to the growth of the Brotherhood and the insurance benefits paid for deaths and disabilities since the year 1881 will be of interest:

Fiscal Number of Insurance

Insurance in force December 31, 1936. $99,733,250.00.

Total paid to disabled members and beneficiaries of deceased members during the past fifty-six years, $47,396,572.48.

The Grand Trustees in their report to the First Biennial Convention said : "The action of the Thirteenth Annual Convention in fixing the close of the fiscal year at July 31, instead of August 31, as heretofore, explains why the report covers a period of eleven months only. This action cuts out from the year's business the Grand Dues which are received during the month of August. Only $6,566 have been received on this account on July 31, thus cutting down this year's receipts and the balance on hand August 1 very materially.

"During the year ending August 31, 1886, we received in Grand Dues $17,904.50, while if we had the benefit of a full year the receipts for this account would amount to about $22,000 instead of only $6,566, as stated."

Amounts shown for 1909 are for a period of 18 months, from July 1, 1908, to December 31, 1909. It will be noted that at the close of business on December 31, 1920, our membership was 125,862, the largest so far in the history of the organization.

From the General Secretary and Treasurer’s report to the Thirty-third Convention, which opens in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, June 7, 1937, we find that the resources of the Beneficiary Department on December 31, 1936, were $22,016,175.86, and that the insurance in force amounted to $95,671,000.00.

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